INNOVATIVE APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES IN FAECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT: A STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF FAECAL SLUDGE & SEPTAGE AND BIOSOLIDS

Abstract

The management of wastewater and its by-products is critical for environmental and public health. Faecal sludge, septage, and biosolids are primary concerns, with faecal sludge being a semi-solid by-product of human excreta or wastewater treatment. Septage, extracted from septic tanks or on-site sewage systems, contains nutrients, pathogens, and elements of environmental significance. Biosolids, primarily from municipal wastewater treatment, are nutrient-rich organic materials stabilized for safe reuse. The review addresses the chemical and biological components of septage and biosolids, their environmental and health implications, and the interconnectedness of faecal sludge and biosolids. It also explores recent developments in faecal sludge management (FSM), including technological innovations, policy changes, and emerging trends from 2014 to 2024, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive sanitation policies, resource recovery, and addressing operational, maintenance, and financial challenges. The review highlights the importance of a holistic systems approach to FSM, integrating modern and traditional technologies to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and public health outcomes.